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\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062e\u0630 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0686 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06a9 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0679\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0686\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0688\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-the-dataset\">\u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0679<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u06af\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <strong>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0679<\/strong> \u06a9\u0627\u06af\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b 5,800 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06af \u0627\u0644\u06af \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba: \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062b\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0679\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0688\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0637\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0686\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0679 Kaggle: Chest X-ray Pneumonia \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"heading-folder-structure\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0688\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0688\u0627\u0624\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0688 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-plaintext\">chest_xray\/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 train\/\n\u2502   \u251c\u2500\u2500 NORMAL\/\n\u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 PNEUMONIA\/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 val\/\n\u2502   \u251c\u2500\u2500 NORMAL\/\n\u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 PNEUMONIA\/\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 test\/\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 NORMAL\/\n    \u2514\u2500\u2500 PNEUMONIA\/\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u2014 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06c1 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06a9 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umang.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/1780653913_568_\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646-\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0644\u06cc\u06d2-\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644-\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c-\u067e\u0631\u06cc-\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2.png\" alt=\"\u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06be\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u067e\u0646 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0688\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">import os\nimport numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nfrom PIL import Image\nimport cv2\n\nDATA_DIR = \"chest_xray\"\nTRAIN_DIR = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, \"train\")\n\n# Peek at a sample image\nsample_path = os.path.join(TRAIN_DIR, \"NORMAL\", os.listdir(os.path.join(TRAIN_DIR, \"NORMAL\"))[0])\nsample_image = cv2.imread(sample_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n\nprint(f\"Image shape: {sample_image.shape}\")\nprint(f\"Pixel range: {sample_image.min()} to {sample_image.max()}\")\nprint(f\"Data type: {sample_image.dtype}\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0622\u0624\u0679 \u067e\u0679 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0691\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba (\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b 1500\u00d72000 \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644\u0632) \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648 0 \u0633\u06d2 255 \u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-before-preprocessing-validate-the-dataset\">\u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2: \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062b\u06cc\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0686\u06be\u0627 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06a9\u0691 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0646:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">def validate_dataset(data_dir):\n    \"\"\"Scan a dataset folder and flag common data quality issues.\"\"\"\n    corrupted = []\n    too_small = []\n    nearly_black = []\n    total = 0\n    \n    for class_name in os.listdir(data_dir):\n        class_path = os.path.join(data_dir, class_name)\n        if not os.path.isdir(class_path):\n            continue\n        for fname in os.listdir(class_path):\n            fpath = os.path.join(class_path, fname)\n            total += 1\n            try:\n                img = cv2.imread(fpath, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n                if img is None:\n                    corrupted.append(fpath)\n                    continue\n                if img.shape[0] < 100 or img.shape[1] < 100:\n                    too_small.append(fpath)\n                if img.mean() < 5:\n                    nearly_black.append(fpath)\n            except Exception:\n                corrupted.append(fpath)\n    \n    print(f\"Total files scanned: {total}\")\n    print(f\"Corrupted: {len(corrupted)}\")\n    print(f\"Too small: {len(too_small)}\")\n    print(f\"Nearly black: {len(nearly_black)}\")\n    return corrupted, too_small, nearly_black\n\nvalidate_dataset(TRAIN_DIR)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/strong> - \u0648\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06be\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06c1 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631<\/strong> - \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u0648 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u06c1\u0648 \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong> - \u062a\u06be\u0645\u0628 \u0646\u06cc\u0644\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0648\u06cc \u0688\u0627\u0624\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0632 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0688\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0679 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631<\/strong> \u2014 \u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0679\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 (\u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2)\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631<\/strong> - \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0688\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06c1 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/strong>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0622\u067e \u06a9\u06d2 \u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u067e \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0686\u0644\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u06a9 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0648\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u067e \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u062f \u067e\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0679\u0633 \u062a\u06a9 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-the-six-pillars-of-healthcare-imaging-preprocessing\"><strong>\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0686\u06be \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0686\u06be \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0634\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2: \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0679\u0631\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0688 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06c1\u0630\u0627 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0688\u062c\u0633\u0679 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-pillar-1-scaling-making-the-numbers-play-fair\">\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 1: \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 - \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0686\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631 \u0631\u06c1\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u067e \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0633 3000 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0632 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u067e \u067e\u0648\u0686\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062a\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u06af\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 <em>\u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1<\/em> \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 8 \u0628\u0679 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 0 \u0633\u06d2 255 \u062a\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0686\u06be 16 \u0628\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 DICOM \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 0 \u0633\u06d2 65,535 \u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0679 \u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umang.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/1780653913_930_\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646-\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0644\u06cc\u06d2-\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644-\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c-\u067e\u0631\u06cc-\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2.png\" alt=\"\u06c1\u0633\u0679\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u06af \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0633\u0679\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 0 \u0633\u06d2 255 \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0633\u0679\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc 0 \u0633\u06d2 1 \u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u06c1 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 0 \u0633\u06d2 1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">image = cv2.imread(sample_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n\n# Scale to [0, 1]\nimage_scaled = image.astype(np.float32) \/ 255.0\n\nprint(f\"Before scaling: {image.min()} to {image.max()}\")\nprint(f\"After scaling:  {image_scaled.min():.3f} to {image_scaled.max():.3f}\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-pillar-2-normalization-centering-the-data\">\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 2: \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646 - \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0631\u06a9<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 1 \u0633\u06d2 10 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0686\u06c1 \u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u06c1 9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 10 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 1 \u0633\u06d2 10 \u062a\u06a9 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u06c1\u0631 \u0628\u0686\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0686\u0645\u06a9 0 \u0633\u06d2 1 \u062a\u06a9 \u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06c1\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 (\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644) \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be 0 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u06be\u0679\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\"># Compute mean and std from the TRAINING set only \u2014 never from validation or test\ndef compute_train_stats(train_dir, sample_limit=1000):\n    \"\"\"Compute pixel mean and std across the training set.\"\"\"\n    pixel_values = []\n    count = 0\n    for class_name in os.listdir(train_dir):\n        class_path = os.path.join(train_dir, class_name)\n        for fname in os.listdir(class_path):\n            if count >= sample_limit:\n                break\n            img = cv2.imread(os.path.join(class_path, fname), cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n            if img is not None:\n                pixel_values.append(img.astype(np.float32).flatten() \/ 255.0)\n                count += 1\n    pixels = np.concatenate(pixel_values)\n    return pixels.mean(), pixels.std()\n\ntrain_mean, train_std = compute_train_stats(TRAIN_DIR)\nimage_normalized = (image_scaled - train_mean) \/ train_std\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong><\/strong> \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0644\u0637\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u06cc\u06ba: \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0686 \u067e\u0631\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635\u06cc \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0686\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u067e\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0631\u062f \u06c1\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0686\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0628 \u0622\u067e \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644\u0632 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u0644\u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-pillar-3-guiding-the-models-attention\">\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 3: \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0648<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc\u0691 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u06c1\u0648 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <em>\"\u0646\u0631\u0645 \u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0679\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\"<\/em> \u0628\u0686\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u06c1 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0644\u0686\u0633\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0679\u0646\u0627 (ROI)<\/strong> - \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0636 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1<\/strong> - \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 CLAHE (\u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0688 \u0627\u0688\u0627\u067e\u0679\u06cc\u0648 \u06c1\u0633\u0679\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646) \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/strong> \u2014 \u0622\u0631 \u062c\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u0644 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umang.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/1780653913_933_\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646-\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0644\u06cc\u06d2-\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644-\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c-\u067e\u0631\u06cc-\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2.png\" alt=\"\u0641\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06d4 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0686\u0633\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0644 CLAHE \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 CLAHE \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\"># CLAHE enhances local contrast \u2014 useful for X-rays\nclahe = cv2.createCLAHE(clipLimit=2.0, tileGridSize=(8, 8))\nimage_enhanced = clahe.apply(image)\n\n# Visualize the difference\nfig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6))\naxes[0].imshow(image, cmap='gray')\naxes[0].set_title('Original')\naxes[1].imshow(image_enhanced, cmap='gray')\naxes[1].set_title('After CLAHE')\nplt.show()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u0679\u0631\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0688 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635\u06cc \u0633\u06af\u0646\u0644\u0632 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-pillar-4-handling-missing-data\">\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 4: \u06af\u0645\u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691\u0646\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0688\u0634\u06cc\u0679 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0632 \u06c1\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u067e\u0679 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0632\u060c \u06af\u0645\u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0644\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u0688\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc - \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u06be\u0646\u0688\u0627 - \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af\u0648 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\"># Strategy 1: Drop \u2014 remove unreadable or empty images\ndef is_valid_image(path):\n    try:\n        img = cv2.imread(path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n        if img is None:\n            return False\n        if img.mean() < 5:           # nearly black\n            return False\n        if img.shape[0] < 50 or img.shape[1] < 50:  # too small\n            return False\n        return True\n    except Exception:\n        return False\n\n# Strategy 2: Impute \u2014 rare for images, but possible (e.g., in painting to fill in missing patches). Generally avoided for diagnostic data.\n\n# Strategy 3: Flag \u2014 track which patients are missing which modalities,\n#   and let the model condition on availability. Common in multi-modal healthcare ML.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \"\u06af\u0645\u0634\u062f\u06c1\" \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0630 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 NaN \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0679\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0632\u060c \u06af\u0645\u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0632\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06af\u0648 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\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umang.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/1780653913_252_\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646-\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0644\u06cc\u06d2-\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644-\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c-\u067e\u0631\u06cc-\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2.png\" alt=\"\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 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style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c <em>\u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d<\/em> \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">TARGET_SIZE = (224, 224)\n\n# Simple resize (may distort aspect ratio)\nimage_resized = cv2.resize(image, TARGET_SIZE)\n\n# Better: preserve aspect ratio with padding\ndef resize_with_padding(image, target_size):\n    h, w = image.shape[:2]\n    target_h, target_w = target_size\n    scale = min(target_h \/ h, target_w \/ w)\n    new_h, new_w = int(h * scale), int(w * scale)\n    resized = cv2.resize(image, (new_w, new_h))\n    \n    pad_h = target_h - new_h\n    pad_w = target_w - new_w\n    top, bottom = pad_h \/\/ 2, pad_h - pad_h \/\/ 2\n    left, right = pad_w \/\/ 2, pad_w - pad_w \/\/ 2\n    padded = cv2.copyMakeBorder(resized, top, bottom, left, right,\n                                 cv2.BORDER_CONSTANT, value=0)\n    return padded\n\nimage_clean_resize = resize_with_padding(image, TARGET_SIZE)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0635\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/strong> \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062e \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u06be\u06cc\u067e\u06be\u0691\u06d2 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0633\u062e \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0679\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0627\u0679\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0688\u062c\u0633\u0679 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-pillar-6-denoising-amp-artifact-handling-cleaning-the-window\">\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 6: \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0679\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0631\u0679\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06c1\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0644\u0646\u06af - \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u06cc\u0634\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06be\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u06ba \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u067e \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u06af\u0691\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0634\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06be\u0631\u0686 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0637\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u0679\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06c1\u0644\u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u062e\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06a9\u0679\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0646\u06af \u0645\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\"># Gentle denoising \u2014 careful not to blur away clinical detail\nimage_denoised = cv2.medianBlur(image, ksize=3)\n\n# Bilateral filter preserves edges better than a median filter\nimage_bilateral = cv2.bilateralFilter(image, d=5, sigmaColor=50, sigmaSpace=50)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba:<\/strong> \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06c1 denoising \u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u062a\u06c1 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u06c1\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0648\u0679\u06be\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0622\u06af\u06d2 \u0646\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0679\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06d2:<\/strong> \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u0679\u0631\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0688 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0622\u067e \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u063a \u0622\u067e \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06be\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-putting-it-all-together-a-complete-pipeline\">\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0646\u0627: \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0626\u067e \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/umang.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/1780653913_880_\u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646-\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0644\u06cc\u06d2-\u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644-\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c-\u067e\u0631\u06cc-\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af-\u06a9\u06d2-\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2.png\" alt=\"\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u067e\u0627\u0626\u067e \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u062f\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0628\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u062b\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2\u060c \u0688\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0646\u06af\u060c \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u06af\u0632\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n<p>\u06cc\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0686\u06be \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0641\u0646\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0648\u0691\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">def preprocess_xray(image_path, target_size=(224, 224),\n                    train_mean=0.482, train_std=0.236):\n    \"\"\"\n    Full preprocessing pipeline for chest X-ray images.\n    Applies all six pillars in order.\n    \"\"\"\n    # Pillar 4: Validate first \u2014 skip corrupted files\n    if not is_valid_image(image_path):\n        return None\n    \n    image = cv2.imread(image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)\n    \n    # Pillar 5: Resize with aspect ratio preserved\n    image = resize_with_padding(image, target_size)\n    \n    # Pillar 6: Gentle denoising\n    image = cv2.medianBlur(image, 3)\n    \n    # Pillar 3: Enhance contrast to highlight lung texture\n    clahe = cv2.createCLAHE(clipLimit=2.0, tileGridSize=(8, 8))\n    image = clahe.apply(image)\n    \n    # Pillar 1: Scale to [0, 1]\n    image = image.astype(np.float32) \/ 255.0\n    \n    # Pillar 2: Normalize using training set statistics\n    image = (image - train_mean) \/ train_std\n    \n    return image\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2 id=\"heading-try-it-yourself\">\u062e\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648\u0688 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0679\u06a9\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u06af\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0679 \u0628\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2: \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u2014 \u06a9\u0627\u06af\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0679 \u0628\u06a9\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0691\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0632 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"heading-conclusion\">\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06c1<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>\u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>\u06c1\u0627\u06ba<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/td>\n<td>\u067e\u06a9\u0633\u0644 \u0631\u06cc\u0646\u062c \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06cc\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td>0-255 \u2192 0-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc 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\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0679 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0632<\/td>\n<td>224\u00d7224<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0679\u0627\u0646\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0627\u0688\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be \u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062c\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06a9\u0691\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0679\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba: \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u0648\u06ba 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\u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u067e \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062a\u0648 \u0622\u067e \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0646\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0644 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0688\u06cc\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 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